Religious Affiliation in the United Kingdom

Those of us who research our families in Europe have found a great deal of information, particularly for ancestors beyond three or four generations back, in church records such as baptism, marriage and burial registers. As I pointed out in blog posts of 19 April 2016 and 3 May 2016 concerning Historical Trends in Parish BMD Register Entries, the completeness of information in ecclesiastical records began to wane in the latter 19th century. For the areas of England that I have looked at in detail, I thought it might have to do with movement away from the Church of England as well as the emphasis on civil registration of vital events.

I recently came across an interesting website on Wikipedia called Religion in the United Kingdom. I thought it might shed some light on the questions of whether the church was losing its relevance, at least in terms of the recording of those vital events.

The plots of baptism, marriages and burials from Church of England registers for the parishes of Plympton St. Mary and Plympton St. Maurice in Devon in my previous blog posts showed a marked decline in entries beginning in the mid-1800s. Civil registration had of course begun in 1837 but that did not immediately halt the trend. I thought a part of the answer might lie in the country becoming more multi-cultural.

Certainly over the last two centuries there has been an influx of immigrants from other parts of the world into Britain. Unfortunately detailed statistics have only been kept for the most recent decades. Census records show the percentage of foreign-born residents of Britain was quite small until the middle of the 20^th century, though, so immigration does not explain the drop in baptisms or church-related marriages and burials.

The 2011 United Kingdom census offers some interesting statistics as do British Social Attitudes (BSA) Surveys. Both sets of data show that religion is still very much a part of the lives of most citizens – 67% of the total population. Of those, 60% indicated they were Christian.

In a more detailed 2009 BSA survey concerning religions, only 19.9% of those surveyed (40% of those with a religion) said they belonged to the Church of England. Over half of the people (50.7%) said they were not religious at all. The proportion of Church of England members dropped further by 2015, to just 17% of those with religion.

 

Time series from the British Social Attitudes Survey showing the religion to which people consider themselves to belong

These last two groups probably account for most of the decline in entries in the Church of England registers. Over two hundred years ago, almost all of the people of England were associated with the Church of England and had their important life events recorded in the registers. Many, of course, were forced by law to do so even if they belonged to a non-conformist group since, for so long the Church of England was almost an arm of the government. Notwithstanding that, the church records offered a very accurate view of the communities in terms of births and deaths.

Surveys such as the BSA and analyses of census results shown on the Online Historical Population Reports Website are great resources to find out about the makeup of communities from the past. Not only do they summarize religious connections but also tell a great deal about occupations, movement of people across the country and immigration.

Wayne Shepheard is a volunteer with the Online Parish Clerk program in England, handling four parishes in Devon, England. He has published a number of articles about various aspects of genealogy and is the Editor of Relatively Speaking, the quarterly journal of the Alberta Genealogical Society. Wayne also provides genealogical consulting services through his business, Family History Facilitated.

A Special Mother’s Day Memory

In their search for so many past generations, what genealogist does not find Mother’s Day or Father’s Day just a bit more special? It kind of goes without saying that we would not be around to look for those ancestors if it had not been for the fact that we had those mothers and fathers.

And no matter how many brothers and sisters we might have, we always come back to thinking that our relationship with our parents was the most important one. To us it was, of course!

If you are very lucky you remember one particular incident or have one unique photo of you and your mother. It reminds you of that unique relationship more than any other and, in many ways, defines you as a person as well. It says you were loved and cared for and that your mother was very happy to have you around. You knew, or would come to learn anyway, that you could do anything you wanted because you had the support and protection of your mother.

This is my favourite photo of my mother and me. It was taken when I was about two years old. I do remember it being taken by my father but not where. There is another picture taken at the same time with Mom holding me and standing next to my paternal grandmother, so it might have been on Vancouver Island.

In the photo it is a beautiful, warm summer day and I’m happy because I am with my mom and my dad is there as well behind the camera. We are not touching in the picture but we are still as close as a mother and son can be.

We missed a lot of Mother’s Days after she was gone – too soon. But we treasure the time we had with her. Happy Mother’s Day

Wayne Shepheard is a volunteer with the Online Parish Clerk program in England, handling four parishes in Devon, England. He has published a number of articles about various aspects of genealogy and is the Editor of Relatively Speaking, the quarterly journal of the Alberta Genealogical Society. Wayne also provides genealogical consulting services through his business, Family History Facilitated.

Historical Trends in Parish BMD Register Entries 2

In my last post on this subject (19 April 2016) I showed in graph form the statistics of baptism, marriages and burials for the parishes of Plympton St. Mary and Plympton St. Maurice in southwest Devon, England. For the combined plots we noted the general decline in baptisms during the 17^th and 18^th centuries and rapid increase during the first half of the 19^th century.

 

Figure 4 – annual baptisms, marriages and burials as recorded in the Church of England registers of Plympton St. Mary and Plympton St. Maurice Parishes – 1603 to 1957

Various sharp spikes in burials can mostly be attributed to epidemics or wars (Figure 4 – from blog post of 19 April 2016). Drops in baptism numbers might be a result of the same events. A major spike in burials occurred around 1644. This was during the time of the English Civil War. Battles raged in various localities of southwest Devon and it appears many of those who died in the conflict were buried in the Plympton area. In 1688, the Glorious Revolution began with William of Orange eventually taking the Crown from King James II. Again Devon was the site of battles resulting in deaths and burials in the area. The Plympton St. Mary burial register does record that soldiers were buried during this time period.

The register does not specifically indicate the causes of death between 1625 and 1627 although there were a large number of children who died. This may represent a period of famine as it extends over several years. It might also represent plague that had broken out in a few spots around southern England at the time. The Cholera epidemic of 1832 is clearly evident.

There is a very prominent spike in marriages on the Plympton St. Maurice graph, between 1653 and 1658. This was, of course, during the Interregnum, after Oliver Cromwell’s Puritan government had seized power. I commented on that in a blog post on 14 January 2014. All marriages during this time were to be performed by Justices of the Peace in central market towns one of which was Plympton.

The divergence of the baptism and burial trends beginning around 1802 (baptisms outstripped burials) is surely an indication that better times had come to the area and population was increasing – outside of a few setbacks from time-to-time over the next several decades.

Interestingly the Spanish Flu of 1918 does not seem to have been a factor in this part of Devon as there is no discernible spike in burials. There were, however, many deaths reported during the Great Depression of 1929 to 1934 as well as a significant drop in baptisms. These events fit with criteria for famine as being a major cause of a deterioration of living conditions. Effects of the Second World War are shown in the increase of marriages and burials beginning in 1939 and in baptisms from 1945 onward.

All the significant spikes and troughs are worth investigating to see if there were changes to political or environmental conditions that affected the rapid increases or decreases in populations.

The mid-1600s to the early-1700s period correspond to the height of the “Little Ice Age.” This is a time in Earth’s history when the Northern Hemisphere was significantly cooler that during the Medieval Period or modern day (Figure 6). The Little Ice Age began around 1300 and continued into the 19^th Century with its most devastating period in the 17^th Century (Figure 6).

 

Figure 6 – graph depicting winter severity in Europe between 1000 and 1900. Note two cold periods in the 15^th and 17^th Centuries.

Agricultural productivity would have been adversely impacted during the cold period which would have had the effect of reducing the ability of people to support and feed themselves. Population would likely have declined as well, a direct result of the drop in production of foodstuff and quite possibly the migration of families to other parts of Britain. Many people moved to the large cities or other parts of the World where better living conditions were believed to be possible. Indeed, the 17^th Century was a time when global exploration was at a zenith and new British colonies were developed in North America and elsewhere.

Concurrent with the environmental changes, there were new developments in technology and new methods and mechanisms employed in agriculture – part of the early Industrial Revolution. The improvements in farming techniques meant even fewer individuals were required to work farms. Growth of manufacturing and processing industries in many parts of Britain drew thousands of people from rural areas to cities. These developments did not take effect until the late 18^th century, so do not explain the drop in numbers during the early part of the 1700s.

Parish registers can provide much more than just names and dates. An analysis of entries over long periods of time can show the influences of many events on the lives of residents, especially those of strife such as war, disease, environmental change and political upheaval that may have caused people distress and resulted in migration.

Most peaks, troughs and trends observed on plots of BMD data are related to specific historical events. A study of those events, form both a local as well as regional viewpoint will be very helpful in unravelling how the lives of individuals were affected, why families flourished or were devastated or what caused people to move.

Wayne Shepheard is a volunteer with the Online Parish Clerk program in England, handling four parishes in Devon, England. He has published a number of articles about various aspects of genealogy and is the Editor of Relatively Speaking, the quarterly journal of the Alberta Genealogical Society. Wayne also provides genealogical consulting services through his business, Family History Facilitated.