Trends in Ages at Death in Plympton St. Mary & Plympton St. Maurice Parishes

In a post on 8 December 2015 I set out how the proportions of deaths in various age groups changed between the early 1800s and mid 1900s in Cornwood Parish, Devon.

I indicated then that I would also look at the larger area around the village of Plympton to see what trends there might be there as well. The numbers here combine two Devon parishes, the mainly rural are of Plympton St. Mary and the town of Plympton, which comprises most of the Plympton St. Maurice parish.

As they were with Cornwood, the numbers are only the burials recorded in the Church of England registers. While they do not encompass all denominations there is every expectation that they do represent the population of the region in general. Trends observed in the parish data may thus be extrapolated to the entire population. The data includes all burials from 1811 to 1960 in the two parishes. There are two main cemeteries in which the deceased were buried, both in the town of Plympton, however, there were burials as well in some smaller cemeteries scattered across Plympton St. Mary parish.

Again, similar to what was the case in Cornwood, ages at death were rarely recorded before 1800, other than occasionally or to note that individuals were sons, daughters or wives of the heads of households or in reference to their age as child, or infant. There are insufficient notes to be able to determine the ages of those buried without a detailed analysis of all of the families.

Burials in the area, as shown on Figure 1, grew between 1811 and 1841 and then remained generally constant through the 20^th century. The early growth parallels the increase in the general population however the levelling off is probably an indication, as it was in Cornwood, that there was a decline in the importance of the church in the lives of the residents.

 

Figure 1 – total burials in Plympton St. Mary and Plympton St. Maurice parishes by decade

The ten and under group (Figure 2) represented a very large proportion of deaths in the early part of the 19^th century – over 35% until the 1850s. The number declined significantly into the mid-20^th century, ending at under 3% during the 1950s. No doubt this was due to better nutrition, hygiene and protection (vaccines) against disease.

 

Figure 2 – number of burials of children under the age of 11 years by decade

A combined graph incorporating the burials in each age group is shown on Figure 3. The trends show increasing proportions in the older age groups as time went on meaning that more people were living longer as we moved into the 1900s.The 71 to 80-year old group rose to over 30% of burials by the 1950s.

 

Figure 3 – burials in all age groups by decade

It appears that if people reached the age of 20 to 30 in the latter half of the 19^th century, they were very likely to live much longer lives that they would have in the early 1800s. That is, unless there was a potential for war when men of this age were most likely to be called to action. The burials of people aged 21 to 50 dropped in total proportion over time.

The most significant change is seen in the 71 to 80-year old group which represent only around 14% of burials in 1820 but over 32% by 1960 (Figure 4). There were also many more people who lived into their 80s in the 20^th century than previously (Figure 5).

 

Figure 4 – numbers of burials of people aged 71 to 80 years by decade

Figure 5 – numbers of burials of people aged 81 to 90 years by decade

Not only were people living longer but the population of the regions was also growing substantially from 1800 to 2000. This was particularly noteworthy following WWII when population more than doubled from the pre-war years (Figure 6).

 

Figure 6 – population of Cornwood, Plympton St. Mary and Plympton St. Maurice parishes, from (data Online Historical Populatin Reports - http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/ and Office of National Statistics - https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/announcements) 

As I indicated with the Cornwood summary, analyses like this are worth doing for family historians as they give the researcher a better perspective on the communities in which their ancestors lived. The results here, and probably in other parishes as well, show the risks for children, probably the most vulnerable members of society, in the days before there were improvements in health care and disease prevention.

By breaking down the numbers in more detail, by years for example, one can see other trends or instances when certain events, such as epidemics, may have occurred that caused grief among residents. The same can be said for baptisms and marriages. Rapid changes in the number of entries from year-to-year can be indicators of specific events or conditions. I have mentioned some of these in the past and will deal with others in future posts as well.

Wayne Shepheard is a volunteer with the Online Parish Clerk program in England, handling four parishes in Devon, England. He has published a number of articles about various aspects of genealogy and is the Editor of Relatively Speaking, the quarterly journal of the Alberta Genealogical Society. Wayne also provides genealogical consulting services through his business, Family History Facilitated.

More Informants’ Mistakes…

In my last post I stated that I did not have any birth certificates that contained an error since the information was almost always given by one of the parents. I was, of course, thinking of my own family records. I had forgotten the story told to me by a friend who had a very big problem with her own 1930 birth registration that was not resolved until, as an adult, when she went to the courts to get it fixed.

In her own words, this is what transpired: “My mother chose my name, likely because of my grandmother’s Irish background. My father registered me, but he was not sure of the spelling and registered me as Mary Irene. My mother didn’t know under what name I was legally registered until I was required to prove my name and date of birth in order to obtain a marriage certificate [in 1949]. In 1979, I had my birth name legally changed to Eileen Mary Anne as I had been known all my life.”

Eileen’s birth certificate also indicated her father was 44 years old when he was actually 53. She told me her dad believed that his age, along with other personal information was no one’s business but his own and “quite cavalierly picked any number when answering an age-related question.”

Another friend, Bronwyn (the one whose son asked the questions about her for his passport application, described in my last post) recently messaged me with more stories of funny things that happened with documents for her family. I suspect I may hear from others about this subject in the future as well. Anyway, here is what this lovely Australian lady related to me (with no offense intended to any region, ethnic group or nationality):

“Re: birth certificates. Until modern times many of them were so wrong – once again, but not always, because the husband went to the Court House/Registry to give the advice verbally. . . Adding to the confusion of verbally given information were the accents. Have you ever heard what someone from Tipperary sounds like? I can’t understand a word! Devon, Yorkshire, Highland Scots, Germans – the bloke behind the counter can be forgiven! I have an Irish great, great, grandmother who has her surname written 13 ways on official documents. It took me years to work out her name was Kerin. These are some of the spellings: Cairn, Cairns, Kern, Carn, Kearn, Kearns, Kerrin, Keron – and it goes on.

My mother went through life saying ‘My name is Nell, no it is not short for Ellen/Eleanor/Helen.’

Grandma told us the story often. They lived in a small western New South Wales town where they were the only grocers, so were known by everyone. Mum’s father went to the Court House to register her birth. They probably chattered and her father was asked, ‘What did you have?’ ‘A girl, we’re calling her Nellie.’ He had left home to register the birth as Ellen (after her mother) and Patricia (because she was born on St Pat’s Day), but the certificate says Nellie. She never owned up to the Nellie part and insisted she was plain Nell.

Worse is that of my second cousin Jack. I asked why I could not find him in any record. He told me that his farming father was asked to register the birth at the Court House when he went into town. All the Walsh men are 6 foot plus, very impatient and who, though they may have been many generations Australian, still have the Irish attitude to bureaucracy – never tell ‘em nuthin’, never explain! According to Jack’s mother the conversation at the Court House went like this:

‘Name?”’

‘Alan Joseph Walsh’

All the other questions were answered, then. . .

‘Your name?’

‘I’ve bloody told you my name.’

‘No you haven’t, you gave me the child’s name.’

‘We’re calling him Jack and I haven’t got time to buggerise around here.’

He left and Jack’s registration was left as Alan Joseph.

(“bloody” and “buggerise” are not considered swear words – even my eloquently-spoken father used them all the time)

My grandmother wasn’t blameless either. Her eldest son, John William [was a] religious Brother teaching in New Guinea when he was captured by the Japanese, tortured, and shot as a spy. There are three small monuments/memorials to him in Papua New Guinea/Australia all with the name John William Roberts. I couldn’t find anyone of that name born, so sent for the certificate of John Clarence Roberts. Somewhere between the registering of him and arriving home grandma forgot what she had named him! Her signature was clearly on the form.

My suggestion to people is: believe most of what the Scots and Welsh say, much of what the English say, and use a barrel of salt, rather than a pinch of salt when dealing with the information given by Irish and Irish/Australian. A generalisation, but very often true! “

These stories are funny when told much later but the situations must have caused the individuals concerned some degree of difficulty, as they did Eileen, in trying to prove their identities in later life.

Bronwyn also had another illustration of errors on death certificates. Her “grandfather, a Police Detective Inspector who should have known better, got two things right on his father-in-law’s death certificate. He gave the bloke his right name and that he had a daughter Ruby (his wife). He had the names of parents wrong, the country of birth wrong, the number of children wrong (two had died before he knew Ruby), no idea of the name of the man’s wife nor where they were married. There was not much else he would get wrong!”

Thanks to Bronwyn for these lovely Aussie stories.

Wayne Shepheard is a volunteer with the Online Parish Clerk program in England, handling four parishes in Devon, England. He has published a number of articles about various aspects of genealogy and is the Editor of Relatively Speaking, the quarterly journal of the Alberta Genealogical Society. Wayne also provides genealogical consulting services through his business, Family History Facilitated.

Do “Informants” really know everything they should?

Information on many formal documents of birth, marriage or death is given to authorities by “informants” many of whom may not always be members of the concerned individual’s immediate family. The people who are relied on to provide important individual and family information can and often do make mistakes in spelling of names, dates, places of birth, etc. Even people who should or might know better can have lapses.

I was reminded of this subject by friend whose son phoned her recently for information he needed to put on a passport application concerning her birth place, her husband’s birth place, the location of their marriage, etc. As a dedicated family historian she was quite appalled by his lack of knowledge; his brother was apparently not much better informed. Then, on Christmas Eve, a cousin phoned to ask her what his own mother’s maiden name was exactly. She hoped he was not the informant for her death record information.

Having set her son straight, she did what many of us should probably do – she went to a local funeral director and picked up forms they use to record all personal information of the deceased. She has filled them in for herself and her husband and lodged them with the funeral directors so that no one makes any simple mistakes on her or her husband’s formal death records. Now she just has to make sure her children know where the information is.

I have seen many errors when poring over many old church records for my family and for others in the Devon parishes I look after as an OPC. But I have also come across instances in more recent civil records where the information was not accurate, this information supposedly given to authorities by knowledgeable informants.

My own father signed the Registration of Death for my mother on which her second name of Mabel was misspelled as Mable. It was just a small thing and I suspect he knew better but he was probably distracted at the time and did not read it all as closely as he should have. I have since had the information corrected in the government records.

Information on birth records can usually be relied on as it is most often provided by one of the parents. I do not have a formal birth certificate for any member of my family that contains an error but that does not mean there may not be some out there that do.

Marriage certificates are generally expected to be correct, at least in terms of who the bride and groom were and what were the names of their parents. People do make mistakes, though, even when writing out names of people they know. My parents’ marriage certificate shows his father’s middle name as Pierson instead of Pearson. The marriage record for my wife’s parents incorrectly shows his mother as Mary Mill instead of Mary Milne.

Most documents with my maternal grandmother’s name show her as Mattie, which she went by, rather than her formal name of Martha Alwilda Jane. The official records, in my view, are not entirely complete then. Interestingly, on Grandma’s own marriage record in 1895 the name of her mother was recorded as “unknown”. I suspect she never saw this document so the omission went undetected.

When the 1914 marriage of my paternal grandparents was registered in Calgary, the day after the ceremony, his mother’s maiden name was typed as Mary Reasson instead of Mary Pearson (a big mistake in my mind) and her mother was recorded as Marguerite instead of Margaret.

My mother’s death record was not the only one I found a mistake on. On the Alberta Registration of Death of my maternal grandmother, my mother, who signed the form, named her as just Mattie, again, rather than with her full name.  She also indicated her maternal grandmother was “unknown Deburko”. The last name should actually have been Debusk, which she may not have known or possibly did not remember at the time. Her grandfather was recorded on the same record as Asa McDaniels instead of McDaniel. On the Alberta Registration of Death for my maternal grandfather, signed by my uncle, my great-grandfather’s name appears to have been typed as Hiller rather than correctly as Miller. The name of my great-grandmother was hand-written in as “not known”. It is curious that neither of my mother’s grandmothers’ names were known when these forms were completed.

The 1965 British Columbia Registration of Death for my paternal grandfather showed his mother as Elizabeth Pearson. Her name was, in fact, Mary Elizabeth Pearson so forms showing either forename are technically although not completely correct. The inevitable mistake happened on my paternal grandmother’s 1959 British Columbia Registration of Death: her last name was recorded as Shepherd – as was her husband’s! The Certificate of Death, from the Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Vital Statistics has the same misspelling. I have not yet been able to decipher the signature of who signed the registration document so cannot accuse a family member.

I have probably seen more mistakes in information given by people about themselves on government documents, many likely intentionally done. Censuses are something where many people lied about their ages to start with. Birth places can also be suspect as whoever was giving the enumerator the data often did not know the correct details, or in England at least put down names of towns instead of parishes. Sometimes I think that they just did not always feel like sharing everything about their personal lives with the government.

My wife’s grandfather, Alexander Cooper, was married twice, in both instances misnaming his parents. On the record of his first marriage he gave his father’s name as William Cooper and his mother’s as Elizabeth Cooper, nee Spence. On his second marriage he gave his father’s name again as William Cooper but this time his mother’s maiden name was shown as Lawrence. Alexander was actually illegitimate, so we do not know who his father was. He quite possibly did not either. His mother’s maiden name was, of course, Cooper.

Alexander’s death record also shows his father’s name as Cooper and mother’s maiden name as Lawrence. That one was signed by one of his daughters who apparently was never told the entire truth about his circumstances. On his military service record he indicated his father was John. No last name was shown so we are led to assume it was Cooper. He did have a step-father by the name of John Blackburn. The address given for his father on the attestation record is not consistent with that of either Blackburn or his mother at the time Alexander went into the army, though, so we cannot be sure of its accuracy or what Alexander intended when he filled out the form.

We rely on many formal documents in assembling our family history. All of them are produced by people using information they got from other people, so mistakes are bound to happen.

One lesson here may be to never believe everything you read about people, unless you see it recorded in several different documents. Even then there could be problems, of course, but the more documents that can be found where the same information is recorded, the more reliability there can be for it. Most of the examples I have given here are quite modern ones which I might have expected would have been more accurate. Many of them illustrate that, as in my friend’s experience, children do not always know everything about their parents that you might think they should.

Wayne Shepheard is a volunteer with the Online Parish Clerk program in England, handling four parishes in Devon, England. He has published a number of articles about various aspects of genealogy and is the Editor of Relatively Speaking, the quarterly journal of the Alberta Genealogical Society. Wayne also provides genealogical consulting services through his business, Family History Facilitated.