Victorian Crime & Punishment Course - Pharos

A couple of years ago I took an online course from Pharos Teaching & Tutoring Limited about Victorian Crime & Punishment. This particular course, that I highly recommend, was part of a certificate program about which I will write later along with comments on courses in general.

Following is a summary of some of the sources of information I learned about, with respect to Britain specifically, where genealogists may find the names of their ancestors. These will include many documents associated with crimes, even though the family members being searched were not themselves criminals.

For family historians, name-rich documents are important sources in unravelling personal relationships and events that impacted individual lives. Legal proceedings produced many types of records that are replete with personal references. Such accounts, if they have survived, help to chronicle the activities of a community and many of the people in them.

The Courts

Judicial records are generally thought to deal mainly with the subjects of inquiries – victims of offenses or those accused of perpetrating them. But within court annals one might also find the names of presiding officials, court officers, witnesses, juries, deponents and, possibly, family members of almost any of them.

Higher courts – in Britain, King’s (or Queen’s) Bench – dealt with most of the more serious legal matters, both civil, in the Plea Side, and criminal, in the Crown Side, as well as with appeals from lower courts. One may find named individuals in a number of different types of records in cases heard – in the indictment and writ files, controlment rolls, depositions and rule books. Assize court records, dealing with only the criminal cases, are another source of information although often not as complete or reliable with respect to identifying people.

The Court of Chancery was, in many respects, on an equal level of the judiciary to the King’s Bench, but was charged with meting out decisions based on justice and equity, rather than summary judgments. It dealt mainly with matters involving land, estates, trusts and guardianship. Documents, including the pleadings, evidence, decrees and other reports, contain many references to people and families who brought or were the targets of suits. Those dealing with only money concerns, under common law in the early part of the 19^th century, may have been handled in the parallel-operating Court of Exchequer.

Minutes of the local and regional Petty Sessions and Quarter Sessions courts also contain many invaluable types of records reflecting communities. In addition to misdemeanor and criminal cases, they might include information about borough or parish administrative appointments, matters affecting businesses or social interaction within the community. Names of individuals granted licenses – as gamekeepers, alehouse operators, pedlars and hawkers or slaughterhouse owners – will appear in the transcripts. Persons appointed as Justices of the Peace, Poor Law Overseers, constables and sheriffs, highway contractors, coroners or almost any other position of importance in the community will also be listed.

Information about property and inheritance were also be the subject of court decisions, especially after 1857 when the probate of wills and estates was moved to the new, civil Court of Probate.

By the mid-1800s, as a result of many new laws promulgated by governments, litigation of most legal matters had moved from ecclesiastical to civil courts with much of it, resulting in an explosion of claims and suits as people turned to the courts for the resolution of their disputes. There was a large increase in the volume of records kept on the populace (to the delight, now, of family researchers).

The Police

The 1800s also saw the organization and expansion of police services. The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 established a regional force in the greater London area. It was followed by Rural Constabularies Act of 1839 and County and Borough Police Act of 1856 extending the reach of the national government to the counties who were obliged to launch their own police departments. New sets of records were created with details about the individuals involved directly in policing including service records that give full physical descriptions, as well as birth places, birth dates, previous occupations, marital status and career information.

Punishment of Offenders

The names of those convicted of offenses, whether minor or serious, may be found in any number of records associated with punishment, at a local level – in Quarter Sessions records – or in prison or transportation lists. Information will also be available for those who administered or supervised the prisoners on various censuses or government documents.

Summary

The positive result for present-day genealogists was the production of a profusion of court-related records, from Victorian-era Britain,  listing people of all walks of life, along with details about their occupations, places of residence, family relationships and origins. The latter can be particularly important for historians whose ancestors apparently disappeared from the areas where they were born and raised. For those actually convicted of crimes, there may be an abundance of information. Police, court, prison and/or transport records may contain details of their physical appearance, general health, literacy, family members, occupation (or lack thereof), places of residence and other history. Local newspapers, reporting on the events, are also sources for such information.

Sources of Searchable Data:

Courts

Kings’s (Queen’s) Bench – records held at The National Archives (TNA) under series KB

Court of Chancery – records held at TNA under series C

Assizes – records held at TNA under series HO and ASSI

Petty Sessions and Quarter Sessions – primarily in local record offices

Search local record office catalogues, TNA catalogue, Access to Archives (A2A) and National Register of Archives ( NRA) and other specialty websites.

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/looking-for-person/civil-litigant.htm

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/looking-for-person/criminal-trial-or-conviction.htm

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/looking-for-person/bankrupts.htm

http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/

http://www.findmypast.co.uk/

http://www.ancestry.com/

Police

Police records are held by TNA – under series MEPO and HO

Search TNA catalogue, A2A and other specialty websites

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/looking-for-person/policeofficer.htm

http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/homepage.htm

Punishment

Records of those sentenced to prison or transportation held in TNA under series HO, PCOM, CO or PRIS

Search TNA catalogue, A2A, NRA, local record offices and other specialty websites

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/looking-for-place/prisons.htm

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/looking-for-person/criminal-trial-or-conviction.htm

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/looking-for-person/prisoners.htm

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/looking-for-person/transportees.htm

http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/info/fh/convicts

http://www.convictcentral.com/

http://www.ancestry.com/

References for Information:

Victorian Era – General

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era

http://www.english.uwosh.edu/roth/VictorianEngland.htm

http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/poverty.html

http://www.victorianweb.org/history/reform.html

http://www.victorianweb.org/history/plaatext.html

Courts

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/kings-bench.htm

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/chancery-equity-from-1558.htm

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/equity-court-of-exchequer.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Probate_Act_1857

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King's_Bench_(England)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_Bench

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery

http://www.answers.com/topic/court-of-exchequer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_Chamber

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assizes

Police

http://www.victorianweb.org/history/police.html

http://www.met.police.uk/history/records.htm

http://www.historybytheyard.co.uk/index.htm

http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/homepage.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Police_Act_1839

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_and_Borough_Police_Act_1856

Punishment

http://www.portcities.org.uk/

http://www.victorianlondon.org/prisons/millbankprison.htm

http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/info/fh/convicts

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/candp/

Legislation

http://www.victorianweb.org/history/legistl.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1857

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custody_of_Infants_Act_1839 http://www.ehow.com/facts_6781624_child-custody-act-1839.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_Education_Act_1870

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_Women's_Property_Act_1870

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_1872

Wayne Shepheard is a volunteer with the Online Parish Clerk program in England, handling four parishes in Devon, England. He has published a number of articles about various aspects of genealogy and is a past Editor of Chinook, the quarterly journal of the Alberta Family Histories Society. Wayne also provides genealogical consulting services through his business, Family History Facilitated

Birth to Baptism Intervals – Plympton St. Mary, Devon Parish

In a recent blog post on The Pharos Blog, Helen Osborn commented about the intervals between when children were born and when they were baptized. This is particularly important for the time period before civil registration in Britain when the only records of children coming into the world were in the Church of England parish baptism registers. Most often the local Vicar only recorded the date of a child’s baptism so we need a rule of thumb to determine when the actual birth might have occurred.

We generally assume that children were baptized “shortly” after their birth. Helen pointed out that the “Book of Common Prayer held that a child should be baptised on the next Sunday after birth, or failing that the following Sunday. But did people obey this ‘rule’?” The short answer is, “Not always!”

I actually have a lot of data on both births and baptisms for one of the parishes I look after as an Online Parish Clerk – Plympton St. Mary. I had noticed there were differences in the dates but had not really looked at them all to see what the averages were or if there were any trends evident. Helen’s blog post gave me the impetus to go back and see what the intervals were between births and baptisms.

A few Plympton St. Mary parish Vicars in the 17^th, 18^th and 19^th centuries were very diligent and recorded both the baptism and birth dates in the registers. They seemed to come in groups, though, with birthdays set out for several years and then no such dates for several years – or even decades. I went back and analyzed the information and got quite a shock. I always assumed baptisms were done within a few days of the children’s births. I found that was not necessarily so!

There are five groups of data in the Plympton St. Mary parish baptism register where we can compare the dates:

Period	Total number of baptisms	Total number of births recorded	Average time between births and baptisms	Largest time interval between birth and baptism
1646-1651	183	162 (89%)	13.9 days	44 days
1653-1661	312	232 (74%)	16.6 days	181 Days (1)
1697-1706	239	118 (49%)	14.7 days	40 days
1798-1814	909	223 (25%)	204.8 days	2,843 days (2)
1815-1817	116	114 (98%)	44.5 days	1,665 days (3)

(1)   One entry had 181 days between the birth and the baptism which, when excluded from the calculation, dropped the average to 15.9 days. Without this entry the longest period was 44 days, consistent with the periods before and after.

(2)   There are 29 entries where the child was older than one year: 9 children over 1 year old; 8 over 2 years old; 5 over 3 years old; 5 over 4 years old; and 2 over 5 years old. Without these entries, the average time dropped to 76.7 days. The largest was still close to a year.

(3)   One entry had 1665 days between the birth and the baptism which, when excluded from the calculation, dropped the average to 30.1 days. The larges then was 292 days.

There were scattered entries with birth days recorded in between the larger groups: one in 1637 had 15 days between birth and baptism; one in 1652 was 11 days; and the average for 12 entries between 1661 and 1676 was 11.3 days.

I was very surprised that the intervals were so long, around two weeks throughout the 17^th century (ignoring the one very large entry) with the greatest times just over six weeks.

I was even more surprised when the intervals began to climb substantially in the 18^th century. A scattering of entries between 1727 and 1796 (25 in total) averaged 65.8 days (over five weeks). Then, as can be seen on the table, the average, from 1798 to 1814, rose to 76.7 days (ten weeks). Those between 1727 and 1814 do not count the many children over one year old who were baptized – 32 that we know of. The older children were mostly in families where more than one child was baptized. During the period from 1815 to 1817 only one older child was baptized and the average went back down to around four weeks.

I am curious now what was going on during the late 1700s when so many parents waited so long to have their children baptized – one nearly eight years old. Was it because they could not afford the baptism fees charged by the church at the time? The results beg for more research into the history of the parish.

I think we can we use these calculations as representative of the periods when births were not recorded, at least in this parish. When looking at birth dates in the past, genealogists should take into account that the baptisms recorded, most often the only indication of the birth date, were probably at least two weeks from the children’s actual birthday, at least for the time before the 18^th century, and generally much longer afterward, which is also what Helen suggested in her blog post.

I will be looking at my other parishes now to see if the trends are similar.

Wayne Shepheard is a volunteer with the Online Parish Clerk program in England, handling four parishes in Devon, England. He has published a number of articles about various aspects of genealogy and is a past Editor of Chinook, the quarterly journal of the Alberta Family Histories Society. Wayne also provides genealogical consulting services through his business, Family History Facilitated.

The Pinkham Family: Where did they come from? And where did they go?

This is a story about finding a family that seemed to move around southwest Devon quite a bit. The following will take readers through the process used to find answers about a Pinkham family.

I had a request through my Online Parish Clerk website to check the 1851 census in one of my parishes for a family by the name of Pinkham or Pinkem, parents William and Elizabeth. The researcher had a marriage entry from St. Andrew, Plymouth from 1832 between William Pinkham and Elizabeth Glanville. She also thought they had a daughter, Mary or Maria but was not sure of the birth date. The father might at one time have been a land steward. And that was it!

Without much to go on the task was a bit complicated. The family did not appear in the 1851 census taken in any of my parishes but I did find similar names in nearby areas. Those, however, turned out to be the wrong people – either because of information that did not fit for ages, birthplaces, children’s names, etc.

The person looking for information had done some preliminary searches, and had certainly found my OPC website, but needed some extra guidance on using the sources of Ancestry, FamilySearch, FindMyPast and FreeBMD.

I asked a few more questions about how the search had ended up with this family. Was there any information about other family members that might give us a clue where to look? Did she know where any of the people were born or married, besides this one 1832 record? The marriage entry for William and Elizabeth did not give their ages or occupations but one of the witnesses was Ann Glanville who I thought might have been a relative of Elizabeth’s. That might be useful in any search for her family.

More helpful information came back from the researcher. She had a “scrap of paper that said a possible daughter Emma was born in Plympton St. Maurice” on March 10, 1833. There was no explanation of from where that scrap of paper had come but at least now I had a place to start.

Using this bit of information, I checked the baptism register for Plympton St. Maurice parish and found Emma Anne Pinkham, and two other daughters, Ann Maria (that fit with the original request) and Fanny Elizabeth: Emma Anne baptized in 1833; Ann Maria in 1835; and Fanny Elizabeth in 1837. For the first two, the parents were indicated as living in Plympton St. Maurice parish; on the entry for the third girl they were living in Underwood, Plympton St. Mary parish. William’s occupation was shown as servant in 1833 and 1837 and publican in 1835. Those dates fit with the 1832 marriage in nearby Plymouth so it looked now like we had the right people.

With these dates and place of baptism (birth) I could now search other census records. I have found that it is sometimes useful to look for children on censuses, especially those with less common names, like Fanny or Emma, if the parents are hard to find and have names like William and Elizabeth. I did find one other Pinkham family where the parents were William and Elizabeth so that confused the issue. There was no Emma in that group, though.

As I said, the family was not in the Plympton area on any census; so I had to look elsewhere for any of the five people. Looking for just William and Elizabeth was difficult since I did not know at the time where they were born or when and there were other Pinkham families with parents of those names.

Now that we were focused a bit more I did another search of the 1851 census on Ancestry and found Mary Pinkham, born in Plympton in 1835. She was living with an aunt and uncle, John and Mary Cutts, in Kelly parish, Devon, which is in the Tavistock Registration District, about 28 miles northwest of Plympton St. Mary. An Emma Pinkham was recorded in Poplar parish, Middlesex, in 1851, also living with an aunt and uncle, Joseph and Sarah Medland, if we can believe the place of birth shown on this record. It was transcribed as Plumpton on Ancestry, which gave me a clue but was actually Plympton when I looked at the image.

I did not find Fanny Pinkham on the 1851 census but when I looked further at other census summaries, she was shown, in 1841, living with Elizth. Pinkem (in this case), and her presumed sisters, Emma and Mary, in Milton Abbot in 1841. The 1841 census does not record relationships but one can surmise familial connections by the ages of the people in a household.

 

Portion of 1841 England census for Milton Abbot civil parish, Devon (series HO107, piece 249, book 2, Enumeration District 2, forlie 11, page 17) showing Elizabeth Pinkem (Pinkham) and her three daughters; copyright The National Archives; downloaded August 28, 2013 from Ancestry.com

There was no sign of William with the family but I did find a William Pinkham on the 1841 census, working as a male servant at Kelly House, in Kelly parish, Devon. Milton Abbot is just four miles from Kelly by road (about a 10 minute drive today) so we seemed to have a geographic fit now. It is certainly possible that this is not the right William Pinkham (he is shown as 10 years older than Elizabeth in 1841) but it was curious that a man of that name lived so close to Elizabeth and her daughters. William may have died before 1841 and the widow and her family moved back to be closer to other relatives for support.

 

Portion of 1896, one inch to the mile, Ordnance Survey map showing Milton Abbot, Kelly and Bradstone parishes, Devon, England; downloaded November 24, 2014 from National Library of Scotland

Having seen the girls were living with relatives, I thought perhaps looking for one of the aunts or uncles might prove useful in finding their ancestors. I found the marriage of Joseph Medland and Sarah Glanville in 1831, in St. Andrew parish (the same place as William and Elizabeth Pinkham were married) so we seemed to have a connection between Elizabeth and Sarah.

Having convinced myself that Elisabeth and Sarah were sisters I went looking for their births. On FindMyPast I found Sarah Glanville baptized in 1807 in Kelly parish and Elizabeth baptized in Bradstone parish, both with parents named John and Mary. Bradstone is less than a mile from Kelly – an easy, 16 minute walk. Looking further I also found an Ann Glanville, baptized in 1808, in Bradstone, also to John and Mary. Perhaps she was the witness to William and Elizabeth’s marriage.

I have not yet found a relationship to John and Mary Cutts, though. Mary was John’s second wife and, according to an 1844 marriage entry in the Kelly parish register, her maiden name was Jackman. They were both from Milton Abbot, as probably was John’s first wife, Susannah, so it is possible that any one of them is related to either of William Pinkham or Elizabeth Glanville.

The fact that at least two of the children were living with relatives suggests that one or both parents were taken ill or had died. FreeBMD showed the death of a William Pinkham in 1851 and an Elizabeth Pinkham in 1867, age 63, both in Plymouth which might have been the parents. Death certificates were ordered for these two people by our family researcher that proved they were husband and wife, but not the right parents for the three girls. So it was back to the drawing board!

Not having William or Elizabeth Pinkham clearly identified on the 1851 census meant we could not confirm their ages, birth places or occupations. There was a William Pinkham baptized in Plympton St. Mary in 1796 but that seems a little early to be the individual we want, though not impossible if the 40-year old(age rounded) man living in Kelly parish in 1841 was the husband of Elizabeth.

Not all genealogical projects have complete endings. In this case I believe we have narrowed down at least the origin of Elizabeth’s family in the Milton Abbot/Kelly/Bradstone area of west Devon. William’s roots are still a mystery. Perhaps one of the listed marriage or death records after 1851 for people with the Pinkham name, or another family researcher looking at this or other branches of the family will help us focus in on where they went after 1841.

Wayne Shepheard is a volunteer with the Online Parish Clerk program in England, handling four parishes in Devon, England. He has published a number of articles about various aspects of genealogy and is a past Editor of Chinook, the quarterly journal of the Alberta Family Histories Society. Wayne also provides genealogical consulting services through his business, Family History Facilitated.